US no-frills pioneer Spirit Airlines filed for fresh chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on Friday, as dwindling cash and mounting losses derailed its turnaround efforts since emerging from a previous Chapter 11 reorganization in March.

The carrier, recognizable by its bright yellow jets, has struggled to steady operations since emerging from its first bankruptcy in March. Flights, ticket sales, reservations and operations will continue, the airline said on Friday.

Spirit had been attempting to rebrand as a higher cost airline to keep pace with post-pandemic travel trends that have challenged the viability of the ultra-low-cost model.

But Spirit’s recovery was further hit by uncertainty from Donald Trump’s tariffs and budget cuts, which have cooled consumer spending and driven down domestic airfares.

The airline was forced to raise going-concern doubts earlier this month.

“Since emerging from our previous restructuring, which was targeted exclusively on reducing Spirit’s funded debt and raising equity capital, it has become clear that there is much more work to be done and many more tools are available to best position Spirit for the future,” said chief executive Dave Davis.

The Florida-based airline first sought bankruptcy protection last November after years of losses, failed merger bids and mounting debt, becoming the first major US carrier to do so since 2011.

It posted a $1.2bn net loss last year, with its troubles compounded by the collapse of a $3.8bn merger with JetBlue Airways and RTX’s Pratt & Whitney engine issues that forced it to ground many of its Airbus jets.

Spirit began in 1964 as a long-haul trucking company before shifting to aviation in the 1980s, initially flying leisure packages under the name Charter One Airlines.

It rebranded as Spirit in 1992 and built its reputation as a discount carrier for budget-conscious travelers willing to skip extras like checked bags and seat assignments.

But the pandemic upended that model, as demand shifted toward more comfortable, experience-driven travel, leaving ultra-low-cost carriers struggling to adapt.